This explains to some extent why the Retour des Cendres was celebrated in such a spectacular way.īy using a variety of sources this study will present the different posthumous views of Napoleon, and will seek to understand why he continues to fascinate so many people. Napoleon was such an important political figure that his death would not just be the end of a human figure it would be the end of a whole ideal, a regime, and a way of thinking. The case of Napoleon’s death is also extremely charged, politically speaking, firstly because Napoleon had his own political group and followers, and secondly because his death and the Retour des Cendres were used to various political ends. This explains to some extent why Napoleon tried to portray himself through the writings of Emmanuel Las Cases in the best light in order to prolong his legend after his death. Alexander notes that “Napoleon sought to immortalize himself through direction of how he was represented’ 8 despite being unable to control everything that was said or written about him, Napoleon was very strong willed about the way he wanted to be seen, particularly in his own country. “Napoleon himself said, ‘I live for posterity: death is nothing, but to live defeated and without glory is to die every day.'” 7 R. For him there was nothing more important than being remembered posthumously. Napoleon himself spent a lot of time during his exile rewriting his career. He appealed to so many people across the world “he has been called a father of modern democracy and of fascism: the very range of the different groups who claim him as their inspiration reflects the quality of the myth that has grown around his name.” 6 However, a lot of the opinions and views on Napoleon are built around this legend and myth, which was in part constructed and deconstructed during his lifetime and exile on St Helena. As Thiers said, “for us French people, Napoleon has claims which we cannot forget, whatever our party, birth, conviction or interest.” 5 4 These contradictory feelings are felt at every echelon of French and British society. 3 It is quite surprising that in an institution as renowned as the Dictionnaire Larousse, there are such varying definitions. 2 The second one, on the other hand, is more of a condemnation: “Napoleon I, political and military dictator whose career as an imitator of Caesars was launched from ”. There are two contrasting entries for Bonaparte: the first one celebrates “Bonaparte, the greatest, most glorious, most radiant name in history”. The Larousse Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXème siècle gives us some insight into the different French views of Napoleon. Worse still, he is a multi-faceted figure – military hero, Emperor of the people, and French citizen – meaning that it is often difficult to say when one aspect differs from another. Furthermore, the different representations of Napoleon are not only due to individuals’ various interpretations but also due to the complicated character of Bonaparte.
An individual’s reaction to his death and to the return of his mortal remains varied depending on whether they were a member of the popular classes, a close friend or politician, and whether they were French or British. This is a comparative study of how the British and the French felt about the death of the Emperor. Studies of Bonaparte are continually appearing, from paintings, portraits and caricatures to poems and songs, diaries, journals and newspapers he is forever present.
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“He knew how to make thirty-six million French men obey him without any authority but his genius and because he surpassed all the conquerors that preceded him.” 1 As first consul and Emperor, Napoleon’s influence and power extended far beyond that of France, and he caused an unprecedented reaction among his contemporaries and historians alike.
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